Gender Differences in Autoimmune Disease

Women are more susceptible to disease has been recognized for many years, but the reasons for this increased risk are not entirely understood. Some possible explanations follow.
              Immunization studies suggest that females produce a higher titer of antibodies than males. In fact, females in general tend to mount more vigorous immune responses. In humans, this is particularly apparent in young females. Women tend to have higher levels of CD4+ T-cells and significantly higher levels of serum Ig M.

 

How do these gender differences arise?

       That estradiol or testosterone can alter the outcome of infection by CVB-3 (Coxsackie virus type B-3) suggests a critical role for sex hormones. In humans, estrogen on its own seems not to play a significant role in the etiology of either RA (Rheumatoid arthritis) or MS (Multiple Sclerosis) but may be important in SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus). This is suggested by data indicating that estrogen can stimulate auto-antibody production in SLE-prone mice and these effects can be modulated by an anti-estrogenic compound. Such data imply that, at least in mice, estrogen is capable of triggering SLE-like autoimmunity. In addition, androgens such as testosterone clearly play an important role in some autoimmune disease.